Session One Briefing On
Maritime Security Challenges: Indonesian Perspective[1]
By : Dr. A.Yani Antariksa, SE, SH, MM.
In this region, global trends and developments are ones of the influencing factors determining regional security dynamics. The globalize, hi-technology world order not only poses new security challenges, but also spawns a host of global transnational threat, which are increasingly maritime in nature. The emerging trend in the region is the shift of regional security issues, illustrated namely by the presence of conflicts pertaining territorial claims, maritime communication channels, and maritime trade routes. Non traditional security issues occurring in the global scale have also become major issues at the regional level. The interaction and dynamics of major countries such as the United States, China, Japan, Russia and European Union, will become an influential factor in the security map of Asia Pacific. On the domestic scale, Indonesia as a nation located in the middle of the globe, could not escape from global and regional developments. Political, economic, social and security dynamics in the region are among influential factors for social political and security developments in Indonesia. Domestic security issues which have surfaced in the recent decade cannot be separated from the contribution of external factors, directly or indirectly. Apart from external factors, there are internal factors which are potentially threats to national security. Such factors namely, ethnic heterogeneity in Indonesia, the economic crisis situation and political and social factors. The accumulation of external and internal factors manifests itself in varying forms of threats and disturbances to national security, which on a larger scale could pose threats to the regional stability.
Threat Prediction and Maritime Security Challenges.
Indonesia's geopolitical situation as an archipelago situated between the Asian and Australian continents and between the Pacific and Indian Oceans, means that the nation is heavily influenced by developments in strategic context. This may imply contradicting interests between Indonesia and other nations. As a result of the dynamic of the strategic context, at the global, regional and domestic scale, Indonesia in the future may face traditional and non traditional threats. Traditional security threats may manifest themselves in the form of invasion or aggression from other countries, although this is highly unlikely. The role of UN and the international world's reaction is assessed as being capable of preventing, or minimizing the use of the armed forces of a nation to invade other countries. External threats, which are more probable, may come from trans-national organized crimes committed by non state actors taking advantage of conducive domestic conditions.
Estimated future maritime security challenges faced by Indonesia range from transnational threats, including maritime terrorism, sea piracy /sea robbery, illegal migration, refugees/human trafficking, assistance during natural disasters, smuggling, illegal fishing, pollution and destruction of the ecosystem, have spawned a multitude of additional “out of area” operational roles for regional navies, and have dramatically increased the maritime security challenges of the South Asian region. Countering these threats and challenges requires consistent cooperation between the states affected and the associated maritime agencies.
Session Two
Possible Areas of Cooperation among ASEAN Militaries
In Maritime Security[2]
International Cooperation in defense field is an integral part of the Indonesia's overseas policy as one of the bridges to build mutual trust with other nations. The active involvement of Indonesia in ensuring stability and world peace has been shown by sending peace keeping troops to a number of countries in the world that are overwhelmed by conflicts. The involvement of the TNI in the United Nations missions started in 1957 by sending the Garuda Contingent I (KONGA-I) to Egypt with 559 troops. From that time, the TNI has actively been involved in international tasks under the flag of the United Nations, by carrying out police observation tasks, truce, demobilization and disarmament, security protection and safety as well as humanitarian assistance.
In an effort to take part in maintaining regional stability, defense cooperation will be prioritized on bilateral cooperation and multilateral with countries in South East Asia, and countries in the South West Pacific sub-regions. ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) and the ARF (ASEAN Regional Forum) defense cooperation forum and the South West Pacific Dialog Forum are a cooperative area among member countries that it is important to be developed in the future. Through the forums, regional cases will be settled by emphasizing the spirit of collectiveness, a balance of interest that is built based on the principle of equal rights, mutual respect and non-intervention. Bilateral cooperation in defense field as well as maritime security cooperation is directed towards building a feeling of mutual trust and to resolve defense cases encountered together. Urgent security cases, to be jointly handled, are to overcome transnational crimes and other border defense issues. Possible area of cooperation among ASEAN militaries in maritime security are combat the illegal activities, such as piracy, hijacking, smuggling, illegal fishing, illegal logging, shifting border poles, and illegal border crossing.
Others main Common Understanding:
Agreed Principles
- The importance of implementing UN Charter and recognized international principles and laws such as UNCLOS 1982, Respect for ASEAN spirit: respect for sovereignty promotion of dialogue and networking and enhanced interactions, adherence to ASEAN principle of “move forward at pace comfortable to all “peaceful resolution of conflict and confidence building, Information sharing among ARF member countries, Cooperation between ASEAN member countries and shipping as well as insurance industries.
Maritime Security Environment and Threats
- Transnational in nature Ignore political boundaries, the agenda has moved from traditional concern such as piracy and armed robbery to non-traditional concern such as terrorist activities drug and weapons trafficking, smuggling of goods and people, illegal fishing and environmental degradation, Maritime security threatens the economic growth and welfare of the ASEAN member countries and their people.
Managing Threats
- Enhanced information exchange, interagency cooperative frameworks through bilateral / regional arrangement, implementation of international laws and standard of security measures such as ISPS code, strengthen capacity of national law enforcement.
Operational Solutions
- Coordinated Patrol among Navies, hot pursuit arrangement, developing standard operational procedures and inter-operability, exchanges in port security measures, the use of advanced technology, establishment of Maritime Electronic Highway (IMO and World Bank sponsored), establishment of Auto Track Information System (AIS) for ship DWT 300 GT, establishment of focal points, tactical training and exercises.
Session Three
The Role ASEAN Militaries
In Enhancing Maritime Security Cooperation[3]
Security at sea is complex, no single country that could handle maritime security alone, thus, they shared the few that cooperation should be done based on the international laws and conventions between and among countries, in order to manage security effectively. Besides piracy, human smuggling through Asia Pacific waters also increases. Australia, on the southern flank of South East Asia, is one of target countries of illegal immigrants. This means South East Asian, including Indonesian waters, becomes a sea lane to Australia. Human smuggling should not be regarded as a simple matter, on the contrary, it is very complicated because several countries are involved, and each may have different interests, especially in security, humanity, economy, and politics. Large scale illegal migration is often carried out by mafia organizations with international networks. Illegal migration has a negative impact on both the destination country and transit countries and often causes political and socio-economic problems and international tension. There have recently been cases of the smuggling of workers, babies, and women. Smuggling activities in South East Asian international waters have been widespread in the last decade; and include smuggling of weapons, ammunition and explosives. This illegal activity has political, economic, and security repercussions in the destination country. In particular weapon smuggling can create a serious problem, threatening the stability of the destination country. Piracy and smuggling described above are illegal actions which cause losses for both the countries in the region and the countries that use the waters. These illegal actions are organized carefully, and thus need international cooperation to overcome them.
Singapore
Defense cooperation between Indonesia and Singapore has long taken place through the formation of the cooperation committee body of the two countries. Defense cooperation Defending The Country Entering the 21 Century 63 with Singapore has developed with joint training between elements, such as between the Army (SAFKARINDOPURA), between the Navy (EAGLE-INDOPURA) and between Air Force (ELANG-INDOPURA) being conducted on a routine basis. In addition to training, cooperation with Singapore is also carried out through an agreement on Military Training Area (MTA) which can be used by the two countries. To perfect the process and procedure of the use of MTA of Rl-Singapore, in the future an evaluation of the agreement is needed. In encountering transnational crimes issues such as terrorism, piracies and hijacks, cooperation with Singapore is important. Thereby, it needs to be improved in the years to come.
Malaysia
Cooperation in defense field with Malaysia was initiated through a security arrangement in 1972, which later formed the Border Committee. The Border Committee is useful for handling defense issues in the border areas. Defense issues, among others, are piracy, hijacking and smuggling, illegal logging, border poles shifting, and border crossing cases. Elements of the TNI are positioned in the border area, in cooperation with Malaysia, in an effort to resolve and overcome issues of border security. The scope of the region that has to be secured and natural conditions which are very tough, make it quite difficult for security officials. Currently elements of the TNI that are positioned in the border areas are still in small task units. In the future, the force and capability of the TNI will be improved in stages in accordance with the need and situation. Integrated cooperation with elements from related government agencies in carrying out security in the border areas is very important and will be increased. So far cooperation in the border region has taken place through a mechanism under the commitment of the GBC and JIMC forum. It is expected that this forum will remain an effective place to resolve border cases. Defense cooperation in the form of military training such as KEKAR MALINDO, MALINDOJAYA, ELANG MALINDO, AMANMALINDO and DARSASA are very effective in improving defense of the two countries. Henceforth, the cooperation will also be increased in an effort to overcome urgent defense matters such as terrorism, piracy, hijackings at sea, smuggling and other transnational crimes.
Philippines
Indonesia enjoys long, strong, established and good relations with the Philippines especially by the fact of Indonesia's involvement in sending 64 defending The Country Entering the 21st Century military personnel as international observers on the Moro case. Up to now there has not been an agreement on the marine border of the two countries. The cooperation between the Republic of Indonesia and the Philippines in the border issue has been tied in through the JBC forum, within an agenda that is routinely carried out. In addition to JBC, there is a JCBC (Joint Commission for Bilateral Cooperation) forum that discusses cases that are connected with issues of joint defense. Among others, traditional border crossing, smuggling, piracies and hijacking in the maritime border and other cross state crimes. In countering the terrorist issue and other transnational crimes, defense cooperation with the Philippines are important should be developed in a more concrete form.
Thailand
Relations and defense cooperation with Thailand are long, established and good. With Thailand, there is a similarity of view, especially in responding to non-traditional defense issues in the South East Asia regions. So far Thailand has significantly helped Indonesia in overcoming transnational criminals who try to smuggle firearms to assist the Free Aceh Movement. Specifically, in handing issues of international terrorism and other transnational crimes, defense cooperation with Thailand is important and should be developed in a more operational form in future.
Other Members of ASEAN
International cooperation in defense field with other members of ASEAN is of no less importance. Cooperation has so far taken place in a bilateral mechanism and in future it is important to continue to create defense stability in the South East Asia region through ASEAN links.
Papua New Guinea (PNG)
PNG is a neighboring country in the East with a long land border with Indonesia. Bilateral relations with PNG have been quite good. The two countries have long agreed land and maritime borders. Defense issue comes from 0PM (Free Papua Organization) a separatist group that is abusing the PNG region. Frequently members of the OPM enter PNG to avoid being pursued by Indonesia's military force. In addition, the inhabitants who live in the vicinity of the borderline often conduct traditional cross border activities. Defending The Country Entering the 21 Century 65 in handling these defense issues, cooperation between the two countries is needed. The place for the Indonesia and PNG cooperation is the JBC (Joint Border Committee) which is still considered quite effective. Various joint agenda are routinely carried out to prevent and handle cases that arise. There is a continuing requirement for the JBC.
Timor Leste
In the middle of the Indonesia's region of West Timor is situated the Oekusi enclave, which is a unique and requires specific handling. The human and material traffic from Oekusi through Indonesian territory needs to be regulated in such a way that it poses little or no security threat. Relations with Timor Leste are complicate by sentiment over the independence of Timor Leste. On the longer land borders problems such as illegal trade and smuggling arise, as well as criminal disturbance and traditional border crossing. Militia issues come to the surface and have the potential to disrupt relations between the two countries. There are still a number of Timor Leste refugees in the West Timor region who also significantly influence the settlement of defense issues in the border area. The deployment of the TNI in the border region is expected to be able to maintain
Defense and to be a continuing requirement. Bilateral discussion with Timor Leste is being carried out to decide the regional borders between the two countries.
Australia
Australia is a neighboring country bordering with Indonesia, outside the South East Asia region. Defense cooperation between Indonesia and Australia is long standing; however it has had ups and downs as the result of the up and-down relations between the two countries. Defense cooperation between the two countries was at its lowest point in 1999 in connection with the position of Australia in settling the Timor Leste case. 66 Defending The Country Entering the 21st Century In cooperation in the defense field with Australia, Indonesia still refers to the principles of CBM that emphasize the spirit of collectiveness and interest balance and is built according to equality of rights, mutual respect, and not involvement in respective internal affairs. Future cooperation with Australia will be improved to overcome transnational crime issues such as terrorism and illegal immigrants, including the treatment of traditional fishing issues.
China
The normalization of diplomatic relations between Indonesia and China has brought progress in improving cooperation in various fields, including the defense field. China can be an alternative source of procurement for TNI equipment. Defense cooperation relation is currently at an early stage and it is important that this is continued.
United States
Defense Cooperation with the United States has taken place since 1950. Up to now the existing cooperation is through IMET (International Military Education and Training) or E-IMET (Expanded IMET). And so is cooperation in the form of military training. In 1999 the United States imposed a defense cooperation restriction, where IMET was frozen and the procurement of military equipment was restricted to non-lethal weapons military equipment. Outside the situation described above, defense cooperation between Indonesia and the United States is taking place in a limited scale. The cooperation, among others, is through joint maritime operation training. Bilateral relations in the defense field with the United States are important for both countries in overcoming global and regional defense issues. Efforts to restore relations have been made. In September 2001, a week after the 11th September 2001 event, President Megawati visited the United States, In a Joint Statement with President Bush it was agreed that a security dialog should be carried out between the two Departments of Defense. The first security dialog was carried out in Jakarta in April 2002 and henceforth it will be carried out annually. On 13th May 2002 the Minister of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia, H. Matori Abdul Djalil visited the United States, meeting with Minister of Defense of the United States Donald Rumsfeld and several members of the Congress and Senate. The visit was quite positive and has yielded progress in several areas, among others, the re-opening of the IMET program as of 2003. In 2008 Indonesia and USA become permanent friendly.
United Kingdom
Defense cooperation with the United Kingdom is long established. In the past the cooperation greatly involved a number of purchases of primary equipment for TNI. Currently and in the years to come, defense cooperation will be based on strategic discussions on the defense sector through information exchange and comparative study.
Other (EU) European Union Countries
The cooperation relation in the defense field between Indonesia and member countries of EU Europe includes education and purchase of military equipment by Indonesia. Currently Indonesia is studying various possibilities to improve the defense field with several member countries of Unit Europe.
Russia
Up to now there has not been a concrete relationship in the defense field, and no formal military links. Existing cooperation is limited to the procurement of several types of arms. It is hoped that cooperation will continue to improve and firmer links develop.
Multilateral Cooperation
The agreement reached between the Malaysian, Indonesian and Singaporean navies on the conduct of joint anti-piracy patrols in the Malacca Straits (MALSINDO) is an example of progress in increasing maritime cooperation. It is supported by join Air Patrol “Eye in the Sky” between Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore Air Force. More over, the cooperation expands with the involvement of Thailand namely (Malaysia Indonesia Thailand Singapore Coordinated Patrol at Malacca Strait MITS). The way ahead need the establishment of joint maritime centers (JMCs) at important ports and near ocean choke points would prove to be a milestone towards this type of maritime cooperation. The sea may bring together like-minded countries that in turn may influence the region's strategic perceptions.
link ke dyaheko.co.cc
[1] Paper for Network of ASEAN defense and Security Institutes Meeting (NADI), 27-29July 2009. Organized by S.Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Singapore.
[2] RSIS SINGAPORE 2009
[3] RSIS Role of ASEAN Military
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